In the recruitment of domestic labour, farms have local geographic barriers that must be overcome. This could be a challenge for farms’ recruitment asmuch of the work is physical and therefore suited to younger workers. We currently have a reasonably ‘tight’ labour market (where vacancies are high relative to unemployment), but this is not the main cause of employers’ difficulty filling seasonal worker roles. For example, in 2020, there was an increase in unemployment and a fall in vacancies, indicating a weaker labour market, but the ‘pick for Britain’ scheme launched around this time failed to attract a significant number of British workers, as discussed further in Chapter 4. The Seasonal Worker Scheme was closed in 2014 following MAC advice that EU expansion was likely to provide sufficient seasonal labour in the short term, and that continuance would representpreferential treatment for the horticulture sector.

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• You will need to demonstrate a certain level of English language, either through an English test such as IELTS, TOEFL or PTE, or we may be able to accept your previous or alternative qualifications as evidence.
• In instances where workers have arrived onsite with little to no money farms, rather than scheme operators, appeared to be the organisations maintaining workers, such as by providing money for food.
• Working conditions should also be closely monitored (as we discuss in Chapter 5) to ensure workers are not being exploited, with implications for the domestic workforce.
• Reasons given included lack of resource to run an apprenticeship scheme and that it would not allow them to source and train temporary labour.

The 2022 Defra Seasonal Workers survey found that most respondents self-reported receiving adequate information about their hours and their contract length before coming to the UK. As with returnee status, a longer visa length may reduce vulnerability to exploitation through improving English skills and awareness of rights in the UK and increasing the possibility of redress if complaints are raised. Among employers who said they had experienced difficulties obtaining the number of Seasonal Workers needed, disruptive factors (such as the war in Ukraine and the suspension of scheme operator licences) were said to be the main issue, rather than the design of the scheme itself. Other employershad the view that delayed visa processing times had impacted them receiving full requests for Seasonal Workers or delayed their arrival. As shown in Figure 4.1 the rates of Seasonal Workers arriving to the UK as scheduled has varied since the schemes launch, with particular difficulties being experienced in 2020 and early 2022 presumably due to COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine. Although employers must guarantee employment for the minimum number of hours and paid at the minimum rate, workers may still be dismissed for reasons including misconduct (for example fighting, possession of drugs) or poor performance.

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The International Labour Organisation is a United Nations agency for the world of work bringing together governments, employers and workers from member states. As per scheme operator guidance, when issues impacting the safety or wellbeing of a worker are identified, operators need to remedy the issue immediately or transfer the worker. This suggests the ultimate impact on consumer welfare is likely to be limited, with price increases potentially small enough to keep consumers spending choices unchanged or meaning individuals will just substitute for imported goods. The UK is already highly reliant on imports to meet demand for fruit and vegetables with domestic production as a percentage of total supply approximately 17% for fruit and 55% for vegetables.

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Improving automation also has the potential added benefit of improving productivity in the sector, an aim outlined in the previous government’s food strategy. Some employers told us that there may be restrictions in their ability to increase the hourly rate due to tight margins, something also mentioned in the previous government’s Independent Review into labour shortages in the food supply chain. The House of Lords report into the horticultural sector argues that this is a result of loss-leader pricing strategies in supermarkets which leads to poor grower returns within the horticultural sector. One could conclude from this that supermarkets should just charge more to improve growers’ margins and allow for the recruitment of domestic workers at higher wage rates; however, it is not as simple as that. UK producers compete with imports and, without further market intervention such as tariffs, an increase in the price of domestically produced food willlikely lead to consumers choosing imported food over ‘home-grown’.
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